Potential targets and traditional Chinese medicine treatment strategy of cough after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants BA.5.2 and BF.7 have become the main epidemic strains in China since the quarantine policy was lifted in 7th December 2022. Cough is one of the main symptoms induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated cough injuries the lung and upper respiratory tract, while the infected people cough out virus and liquid which forms virus-containing aerosols, a medium for quickly spreading. Furthermore, cough is one of primary sequelae of discharged patients in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By now, there are no efficacious drugs for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection associated cough induced by omicron. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history on treating cough. By reviewing the mechanisms of the occurrence of cough after SARS-CoV-2 infection, potential therapeutic targets and cough suppressant herbs with significant efficacy in clinical and basic research, we provide a reference for the treatment of cough after SARS-Cov-2 infection and a basis for the majority of infected patients to select appropriate herbs for cough relief under guidance of physicians.Copyright © 2023 Editorial Office of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. All rights reserved.

Impact of La3+doping on temperature coefficient of resistivity and peak temperature of La x Ca0.89-xSr0.11MnO3 films prepared by sol-gel spin coating method

Herein, refined LaxCa0.89-xSr0.11MnO3 (LCSMO, x = 0.65, 0.68, 0.71 and 0.74) films were prepared through the sol-gel spin-coating. The influence of La3+ content on the structural properties of LCSMO films was investigated by X-ray diffraction and Atomic force microscope, demonstrating that LCSMO films can grow well on SrTiO3 (00l) substrate. Besides, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy verified the double exchange (DE) effect was weakened with La3+ dopant. The La3+ doping and interconnected grains boundaries (GBs) led to the weakening DE effect and GBs scattering, respectively. Due to superior GBs connectivity, the resistivity of LCSMO films was less than 7.1 x 10(-4) Omega.cm at low temperature of 100 K. Importantly, it is an effective control method to keep the temperature (T-k) corresponding to temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) at room temperature with Sr2+ content as constant in LCSMO films. At x = 0.71, the peak TCR value was found to be 8.84%/K and corresponding T-k was 283.15 K. These results are beneficial for advanced application of uncooling infrared bolometer.

Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Double Prodrug Asc10 in Healthy Subjects

Background: ASC10 is an oral double prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog, ASC10-A (also known as beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine), which is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. ASC10 is rapidly metabolized into ASC10-A in vivo after oral dosing. Here, we report the results of the first-in-human, phase 1 study to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ASC10 in healthy subjects, and to assess the food effect on the pharmacokinetics. Method(s): This study included 2 parts. Part 1 (multiple-ascending-dose) consisted of 6 cohorts (8 or 12 subjects per cohort). Eligible subjects were randomized in a 3:1 ratio to receive either twice-daily (BID) doses of 50 to 800 mg ASC10 or placebo for 5.5 days, and were then followed for 7 days for safety. In Part 2 (food effect), 12 subjects were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either 800 mg ASC10 in the fed state followed by 800 mg in the fasted state, or vice versa, with a 7-day washout period between doses. PK blood samples were collected and measured for ASC10-A along with ASC10 and molnupiravir. Safety assessments included monitoring of adverse events (AEs), measurement of vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, and physical examinations. Result(s): ASC10-A was the major circulating metabolite ( >99.94%) in subjects after oral dosing of ASC10. ASC10-A appeared rapidly in plasma, with a median Tmax of 1.00 to 2.00 h, and declined with a geometric t1/2 of approximately 1.10 to 3.04 h. After multiple dosing for 5.5 days, both Cmax and AUC of ASC10-A increased in a dose-proportional manner from doses of 50 to 800 mg BID without accumulation. of ASC10-A in the fed state occurred slightly later, with a median of 3.99 h postdose versus 2.00 h (fasted state). However, Cmax and AUC were very similar or the same between fed and fasted states. Thus, administration of ASC10 with food is unlikely to have an effect on exposure. The incidence of AEs was similar between subjects receiving ASC10 or placebo (both 66.7%) and 95.0% of AEs were mild. There were no serious adverse events as well as no clinically significant findings in clinical laboratory, vital signs, or electrocardiography. Conclusion(s): Results of this study showed that ASC10 was well tolerated, and the increase in plasma exposure of ASC10-A was dose proportional across the range of doses tested with no accumulation and no food effect. 800 mg ASC10 BID is selected for further studies in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

The form of global aviation market space in the context of the epidemic

There are many mismatches between international aviation circuit breakers/ maintenance and the stringency index and severity of the outbreak in the origin or destination country in the context of COVID-19. Under the background of the global outbreak of COVID19, in addition to the reasons for the stage of epidemic transmission, prevention-control environment and testing/treatment methods, the underlying impact on the global aviation market its own cannot be ignored. Based on market space theory and market network relationship analysis methods, as well as the international routes, flight volume/frequency/seat capacity and airport operation data of the six major global airline markets for four representative periods from 2019 to 2020, this paper intends to analyze the form of the global aviation market space under the background of the epidemic. The conclusions are as follows. In the process of shrinking the global route network, the original major aviation connections from Western Europe to North America and those from China, Japan to South Korea and the United States have not changed. The developed economies/emerging economies have shown the existence of spatial aggregation. South America has maintained a clear-pointed route to North America and at the same time, a large number of routes to Europe have been cut off. Oceania has increased the use of hub airports in Southeast Asia to maintain routes to Europe and the United States. Market-dependent countries have shown the existence of spatial duality. Aggregate and dual markets highlight the dominant role of the economic landscape. The relatively independent existence of space is strongly influenced by the "regional model", and the aviation market shaping inside and outside the regional alliance is completely different with the European Union, the African Union, and the ASEAN as typical cases. Culturally neighboring countries show the existence of compact connected communities. There are clear manifestations between China-Japan-South Korea, ASEAN to China-Japan-South Korea and Northeast Africa to Arab countries, which are supported by the potential support of cultural and local sensitivity to maintain a high frequency of flights. The above changes in aviation connectivity demonstrate the persistence of inherent aviation value chains and their reinforcing effect on the forms of existence of global aviation market space. It is necessary to explore the economicgeographical implications of the forms of existence of the global aviation market space in depth under the background of the COVID-19 epidemic reinterpret the assertions related to the market space existence forms dominated by globalization in recent years. © 2023, Science Press. All rights reserved.

Visualization Analysis of Primary Healthcare Research during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background Primary healthcare is the first line of defense for the containment of COVID-19 pandemic. Primary healthcare has been studied extensively by academic circles in various countries during the pandemic，but the focuses vary across these studies due to differences in primary healthcare systems in different countries. Objective To understand the advances，hotspots，trends and differences of primary care-related research at home and abroad during the COVID-19 epidemic，and to provide a reference for further research in this field. Methods Primary healthcare-related studies published during the COVID-19 pandemic（between January 1，2020 and June 30，2022）were searched in databases of CNKI and Web of Science Core Collection on July 5，2022，and 282 from the former database and 1 755 from the latter were included. CiteSpace was used for visualization analysis to provide a graphic visualization of co-occurrence networks of authors，keywords and keywords clusters，to perform a timeline analysis，and to detect keywords with bursts. Results The number of publications in China grew fast at the beginning of the pandemic，then the growth gradually decreased，and tended to level off at the late stage. In contrast，relevant research started later in foreign countries，but the number of relevant publications maintained high-speed growth as of the study time. The major author cooperation forms were inter-small teams cooperation and inter-individual cooperation，and no large-scale inter-team cooperation was found. The hotspots of domestic research focus on the systems，the exploration of mechanisms and management practices related to pandemic prevention and control，while international research focuses on changes in healthcare-seeking patterns and the satisfaction of patients' medical needs under the influence of the pandemic. Psychological problems related to the pandemic were concerned by both domestic and international research. Conclusion Domestic and foreign studies have similarities and different focuses. To continuous refine and diversify domestic research，it is suggested to learn international experience，pay attention to the construction of relevant research forces，improve the knowledge system in this field，and actively use information technology to improve the primary care system amid the pandemic. © 2023 Chinese General Practice. All rights reserved.

Impact of Environmental Factors on Short-Term Eye Strain Relief during COVID-19 Quarantine: A Pilot Study

Some policies implemented during the pandemic extended the time that students spend on electronic devices, increasing the risk of physical and eye strain. However, the role of different environments on eye strain recovery has not been determined. We recruited 20 undergraduate students (10 males and 10 females) from a university in eastern China and explored the restoration effects of their eye strain in different types of spaces (wayside greenspace, a playground, a square, and woodland) on campus through scale measurements. The results showed that the eye strain of the students accumulated by 15 min of e-learning was significantly relieved after 10 min of greenspace exposure compared to the indoor environment, and the recovery effect varied depending on the type of landscape. The effect of eye strain relief was found to be positively correlated with temperature, wind speed, visible sky ratio, canopy density, tree density, and solar radiation intensity, while it was negatively correlated with relative humidity. These findings enrich the research on the restoration benefits of greenspaces and provide a basis for predicting the effect of different environments on the relief of eye strain. © 2022 by the authors.

Deconstruction of COVID-19 transmission network and its epidemic analysis in a suburban village of Shijiazhuang in China

In January 2021, the COVID-19 outbreak in Xiaoguozhuang Village of Shijiazhuang, the first COVID-19 public health emergency in the rural areas of China. Based on the individual trajectory data in 14 days of 941 confirmed cases, taking the transmission network structural analysis and the epidemic transmission dynamics analysis as the methods, the COVID-19 transmission network from the three aspects is deconstructed: epidemic points formation, types of outputs, and regional expansion evolution. Compared with the COVID-19 transmission network of Beijing Xinfadi Market and Dalian Kaiyang Seafood Company, the conclusions are as follows: (1) The numbers of epidemic points and types are large. In the approximate exposure time, new epidemic points will be formed simultaneously with the central city under the background of rapid urbanization. Still, high community activity leads to the formation of co-exposure to epidemic points;short distance "pendulum moves" leading to more extensive individual trajectory density, and finally resulting in the risk of temporary exposure of epidemic points. (2) It has the significant individual-individual contact infection characteristic and output chain relationship characteristic. The secondary outputs of the rural areas are due to the multigenerational family transmission, which is not seen in the urban cities. (3) Compared with the regional expansion of urban cities, the rural areas are manifested by a longer transmission period, caused by the long occult time of outbreaks and the relatively high relative risk of symptomatic confirmed cases in the rural areas. Finally, three suggestions are put forward, enlarging the management space from the terminal areas to adjacent areas around airports, and then implementing delay management on the overflow personnel based on time shift due to carrying the virus from potential epidemic points and buffering isolation area according to the range of risk changes. The deconstruction network of public health emergencies is a beneficial exploration and will provide a basis for improving the resilience of public health networks in rural areas. © 2022, Science Press. All rights reserved.

Parents' digital Labor and disrupted parent-teacher relationships: theorizing Chinese parents' voices from the home-based online learning

The digital age has fundamentally altered the distribution of work and responsibilities in schools. Parents, as important stakeholders in schooling, are taking on more digital labour and facing changing roles. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, parents' digital labour often remained overlooked as they were not able to observe or participate in the whole process of schooling in the school. However, home-based online learning during the pandemic lockdown has created a rare situation of integrating technology into schooling, expanding parental involvement, and providing an opportunity to systematically explore the digital labour of parents and the influence of parent-teacher power relations in this regard. Using qualitative data from an open-ended parent survey in China, this study finds that parents take on the dual roles of regular parent and "surrogate teacher” in home-based online learning during the pandemic. Behind these two roles is a spectrum of digital labour ranging from technical support, notification delivery, and homework submission to monitoring and guiding school learning, learning content and time management, and learning-related communications with teachers. While technology strengthens existing unequal power relations, it also breaks teachers' monopoly over teaching affairs. Parents thus experience mixed emotions and develop a sense of shared responsibility and empathy with teachers. © 2023 National Institute of Education, Singapore.

Spatial structure and influencing factors of regional city supply networks in manufacturing: A case study of Shandong, China

COVID-19 has driven the formation of regional supply chains. In addition, cities became the basic units of intra-regional supply chain organization under urban administrative economies. Based on the data mining of the buyer-supplier relationship of listed manufacturing firms, this study explores the spatial characteristics of city supply networks within Shandong by the indexes of degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and a community detection algorithm using the social network analysis (SNA) method and ArcGIS software. It investigates the influencing factors of city supply networks by the correlation and regression of the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP). The results show the following: 1) Shandong has formed a multi-center city supply network with Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai-Weihai, and the distribution pattern of city centrality measured by different centrality indicators shows differences. 2) Cities belonging to the same network community show a coexistence of spatial proximity and "enclave” distribution. 3) Geographic proximity, convenient transportation links, administrative district economy, similarity of business environments represented by development zones, export-oriented or domestic market-oriented division of labor between cities, value chain division of labor between cities, and land price differences between cities promote the formation of regional city supply networks. Conversely, differences in local market size and wage levels between cities hinder the formation of city supply networks. This study attempts to apply the analysis results to regional planning from the perspective of regional industrial synergy development. Additionally, as it is based on typical Chinese provinces, it can provide policy references for national administrative regions and countries/regions at similar spatial scales for manufacturing supply chains, as well as for regional spatial layout decisions of manufacturing enterprises. Copyright © 2023 Yan, Wang, Zhao and Zhang.

Covid-19 crisis and corporate cash dividend policies: evidence from Chinese listed companies

Drawn on signalling theory, this paper investigates the impact of uncertainty caused by COVID-19 on corporate dividend policy. Using data from Chinese listed companies, the empirical results document a negative relationship between the COVID-19 crisis and corporate cash dividend payments. Moreover, the negative association between COVID-19 and cash dividend is more pronounced in large-scale firms and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These findings imply that, compared with large-scale firms and SOEs, the competitive position of small enterprises and non-SOEs are more fragile and thus more dependent on cash dividends to release positive signals to outsiders, so as to deal with the uncertainty caused by COVID-19. In further analysis, this study also finds that those industries related to transportation and entertainment have a negative effect during the epidemic, and they are more likely to cut dividends to assure additional cash and flexibility. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on bank systemic risk: some cross-country evidence

Purpose: This study tends to investigate how the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected banks' contribution to systemic risk. In addition, the authors examine whether the impact of the pandemic may vary across advanced/emerging economies, and with banks with differed characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: The authors construct the bank-specific conditional value at risk (CoVaR) and marginal expected shortfall (MES) to measure their contribution to systemic risk and define the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic by the timing when countries report more than 100 confirmed cases. The authors use the approach of difference-in-differences to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on banks' contribution to systemic risk. This sample comprises monthly panel data of around 900 listed commercial banks in 39 advanced and emerging economies. Findings: The authors find that, firstly, the COVID-19 pandemic increased banks' contribution to systemic risk significantly around the world. Secondly, the impact of the COVID-19 virus was more pronounced in developed countries than in emerging economies. Finally, banks with a larger size and higher loan-to-deposit ratio are more greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, while a higher capitalization for banks is insufficient to shelter them from the adverse impact of such pandemic. Originality/value: The authors assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on banks' contribution to systemic risk. Using the conditional value at risk (marginal expected shortfall) of banks as the measure, this study's results suggest that banks' contribution to systemic risk increases by around 25% (48%) amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's findings may shed some light on the potential policies that financial regulators may employ to ameliorate the adverse outcomes of the ongoing pandemic. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer functionalized graphene oxide with in situ trapped silver nanoparticles for high-performance antibacterial nonwoven fabric

Antibacterial fabric with high thermal stability and mechanical strength is important for personalized protection, especially under the background of coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). This paper presents a facile approach toward high-efficient antibacterial polypropylene spunbonded nonwoven fabrics (SNFs), which are decorated by a composite of graphene oxide embedded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/GO) through dip-coating and in situ reduction effect of pre-introduced amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-NH2). Typically, HBP-NH2 was grafted onto the GO nanosheets, then silver ions were trapped and self-reduced by the HBP-NH2 to generate silver nanoparticles decorated GO. The produced AgNPs are uniformly dispersed on the GO with a size of 13 nm. As an antibacterial coating, the Ag/GO composite could tightly wrap the SNFs fibers through the dip-padding method, capable of enhancing the thermal stability and mechanical property of SNFs. The treated SNFs exhibited excellent antibacterial activities (~99.9%) against both Echerisia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, promising important potential for biomedical and personal protection applications. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Frequency of Hemoglobin A1c and Body Mass Index Increase in Youth at Risk for Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity rates continue to increase and have progressed with the COVID-19 pandemic. Obesity is associated with comorbidities, including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The frequency of HbA1c progression in overweight/obese children during the COVID-19 pandemic is not well reported.OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency of HbA1c and BMI increase in overweight/obese youth at risk of developing T2D during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODOLOGY: A retrospective chart review of patients followed in a pediatric endocrinology clinic with overweight/obesity and concern of developing T2D was conducted. We included patients who were seen pre-pandemic (June 2019 to May 2020) and again after the pandemic onset (June 2020 to May 2021). We chose June 2020 as the pandemic onset since our clinic resumed in-person visits at this time. Demographic and clinical data, including BMI and HbA1c, were collected in the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods for each patient. We evaluated change in HbA1c using the following categories: Category 1: <5.7%, Category 2: 5.7-6%, Category 3: 6.1-6.4%, Category 4: 6.5-8.4%, and Category 5: >8.4%. HbA1c progression defined as increase in the HbA1c category. BMI progression defined as a z-score increase of at least 0.2 and we only included patients with 6-18 months between visits for this analysis. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and t-test were used to evaluate HbA1c and BMI progression.RESULTS: A total of 64 patients (mean age 12.6 years, 58% female, 31% Black) were evaluated and had available HbA1c data. HbA1c progression was found in 18.8% (12 of 64) of patients during the pandemic. Based on pre-pandemic age, those with HbA1c progression had a mean (SD) age of 14.1 (2.3) years while those whose HbA1c did not progress had a mean (SD) age of 12.3 (2.7) years (p=0.04). Other characteristics including birth sex (p=0.18), race (p=0.54), and insurance (public/private/self-pay) (p=0.83) were not significantly different between those with and without HbA1c progression. We found that 9.1% of patients with HbA1c progression also had BMI progression compared to 6.7% without HbA1c progression (p= 1.0).SUMMARY: We found that 18.8% of overweight/obese youth with risk of developing T2D had HbA1c progression during the COVID-19 pandemic and that older age was a risk factor for HbA1c progression. Significant BMI increase was not associated with HbA1c progression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on HbA1c and BMI progression in youth at risk for T2D.Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Hospitalist System under the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Perspective of Value Co-creation : Yu Hua Yan

Background The core spirit of the Hospitalist system aims to set up dedicated wards, integrate physician manpower, focus on whole-person care, in order to cope with the aging population and Covid-19 pandemic, and to ensure that both parties, the medical personnel and patients, can provide or receive complete medical care. As the Taiwan medical system is facing a paradigm shift, the Taiwan hospitalist system will play an essential role in the transition as moving forward to provide professional care for inpatients. Methods Hospitalists from 12 hospitals across Taiwan completed a cross-sectional survey. The target population was identified through Taiwan Doctors and Nurses. Survey questionnaire was accessed by 342, incomplete response (18) were excluded and 324 completed responses were analysed. Results That the higher the cognition of medical staff on whole-person care, the higher the motivation to participate in cross-team cooperation (F = 35.914, p < 0.001);when the motivation to participate in cross-team cooperation was higher, the behavior of participating in whole-person care also increased. Will be higher (F = 36.483, p < 0.001);whole-person care behavior participation behavior has a significant impact on value creation (F = 21.068, p < 0.001) Conclusions As the Taiwan medical system is facing a paradigm shift, the Taiwan hospitalist system will play an essential role in the transition as moving forward to provide professional care for inpatients. This change will make possible the improvement of patient safety and quality medical care. The research results can be provided for reference in European and American countries. Key messages • A hospitalist support system is essential for establishing an efficient medical environment and reducing administrative work, which can help hospitals introduce a hospitalist system. • To build a more stable and sustainable system, it is necessary to create a systemic operational foundation for proceeding with this new hospitalist system.

Robust Cough Feature Extraction and Classification Method for COVID-19 Cough Detection Based on Vocalization Characteristics

A fast, efficient and accurate detection method of COVID-19 remains a critical challenge. Many cough-based COVID-19 detection researches have shown competitive results through artificial intelligence. However, the lack of analysis on vocalization characteristics of cough sounds limits the further improvement of detection performance. In this paper, we propose two novel acoustic features of cough sounds and a convolutional neural network structure for COVID-19 detection. First, a time-frequency differential feature is proposed to characterize dynamic information of cough sounds in time and frequency domain. Then, an energy ratio feature is proposed to calculate the energy difference caused by the phonation characteristics in different cough phases. Finally, a convolutional neural network with two parallel branches which is pre-trained on a large amount of unlabeled cough data is proposed for classification. Experiment results show that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on Coswara dataset for COVID-19 detection. The results on an external clinical dataset Virufy also show the better generalization ability of our proposed method. Copyright © 2022 ISCA.

PANDEMIC RESPONSE AND (IM)MOBILITIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC

This chapter focusses on the use of immobility policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific nations of East and South East Asia, Australia and New Zealand to respond to COVID-19 across 2020–2021. Concepts from the field of mobilities studies are adopted for analysis. Transport system managers in the region have increasingly played roles either limiting movement, adjusting transport supply, creating proscribed ‘mobilities passageways’ for travellers that present COVID-risk, and encouraging or mandating passenger compliance with other pandemic measures. The series of immobility policies and practices used at the international, intra-national and local scales are analysed. Transport agency responses differed greatly including whether to retain levels of public transport supply or reduce them in line with falling patronage. A summary of known travel behaviour impacts is then discussed, using available data from government travel portals, and, for Shanghai, Brisbane and Hong Kong, a range of road volumes, public transport boardings, micro-mobility, bicycle and pedestrian counts. There are indications that a series of socio-technical transitions have occurred, such as increased work-from-home, new social practices around walking, increased demands for roads to provide place functions (as opposed to movement functions) and the role of cycling and micro-mobility as liberating technologies in a world of increased control and fear of contagion. Transport agencies have harnessed some of these changes in attitudes and societal needs, using radical institutional responses such as pop-up bike lane trials and other ‘tactical urbanism’ approaches, to adapt their cities to life during and after the pandemic. © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Spillover effect among independent carbon markets: evidence from China’s carbon markets

Carbon pricing is one of the key policy tools in the green recovery of the post-COVID-19 era. As linkages among ETSs worldwide are future trend, the carbon price spillover effects among markets are needed to be explored. This study examines the spillover effects and dynamic linkages of carbon prices using the example of China’s pilot carbon markets during 2015–2019, which are seemingly independent carbon markets. A structural vector error correction model and an improved directed acyclic graph approach are applied. The main results are as follows. First, the linkages among the five pilots demonstrate features of “two small-world networks.” Specifically, these are the Guangdong and Hubei network and the Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai network. Second, Shenzhen, Beijing and Hubei ranked as the top three pilots in terms of external spillover effect, accounting for 36.25%, 29.76%, and 25.59%, respectively. Second, Guangdong pilot has increasing influence on the Hubei, Shenzhen and Beijing pilots. Third, trading activities are positive contributors to the spillover, while the allowance illiquidity ratio and volatility are negative factors. The findings imply that to retain an expectable abatement costs in achieving the climate goals in green recovery, carbon prices in other potentially related markets should be considered by the policy maker in addition to its own policy design. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.